India's External Relations Class 12 Notes -

Economic liberalization led to closer ties with the United States.

China launched a swift attack on both fronts. India suffered a military setback, leading to a shift in Indian foreign policy toward military modernization. 3. Wars and Peace with Pakistan india's external relations class 12 notes

India’s External Relations: Class 12 Political Science Notes Economic liberalization led to closer ties with the

India maintains a "Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership" with Russia, especially in defense and energy. Key Terms for Revision Panchsheel: 5 principles of peace (1954). Bandung Conference (1955): Precursor to NAM. Bandung Conference (1955): Precursor to NAM

Article 51 (Directive Principles of State Policy), which promotes international peace and security. Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): India aimed to stay away from the military alliances of the US (NATO) and the USSR (Warsaw Pact) to make independent decisions and receive aid from both blocs. Panchsheel (1954): Signed between Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, these five principles of peaceful coexistence are: Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty. Mutual non-aggression. Mutual non-interference in internal affairs. Equality and mutual benefit. Peaceful coexistence. Afro-Asian Unity: India hosted the Asian Relations Conference (1947) and played a key role in the Bandung Conference (1955), which laid the foundation for NAM. 2. Major Conflicts and Regional Relations Despite its peaceful intentions, India faced several wars that shaped its defense strategy and geopolitical standing. Conflict Key Details Impact Sino-Indian War (1962) Dispute over Aksai Chin and NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh); triggered by the Dalai Lama’s asylum. Exposed defense weaknesses; led to a military buildup and shifted focus to the Northeast. Indo-Pak War (1965) Started with Pakistan's invasion of the Rann of Kutch and later Jammu & Kashmir. Ended with the Tashkent Agreement (1966) brokered by the Soviet Union. Bangladesh War (1971) Internal crisis in Pakistan led to millions of refugees entering India. India signed a 20-year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the USSR; creation of Bangladesh; Shimla Agreement (1972). 3. India’s Nuclear Policy India’s nuclear program began in the 1940s under Homi J. Bhabha . Its policy is characterized by a balance between security and global disarmament. 11 sites CBSE Notes Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 - Free PDF Oct 29, 2025 —

The first clash over Kashmir led to the matter being taken to the UN.