Originally written: 3/14/2012; last Web page update: 3/13/2020, referencing rEFInd 0.12.0
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This page describes rEFInd, my fork of the rEFIt boot manager for computers based on the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) and Unified EFI (UEFI). Like rEFIt, rEFInd is a boot manager, meaning that it presents a menu of options to the user when the computer first starts up, as shown below. rEFInd is not a boot loader, which is a program that loads an OS kernel and hands off control to it. (Since version 3.3.0, the Linux kernel has included a built-in boot loader, though, so this distinction is rather artificial these days, at least for Linux.) Many popular boot managers, such as the Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB), are also boot loaders, which can blur the distinction in many users' minds. All EFI-capable OSes include boot loaders, so this limitation isn't a problem. If you're using Linux, you should be aware that several EFI boot loaders are available, so choosing between them can be a challenge. In fact, the Linux kernel can function as an EFI boot loader for itself, which gives rEFInd characteristics similar to a boot loader for Linux. See my Web page on this topic for more information.
Most radiologists today consider Kerley C lines to be a "summation shadow"—a visual effect created when many thickened Kerley B lines are viewed "en face" (head-on) or superimposed on one another.
Kerley C lines are a radiological finding that can be observed on chest X-rays. They are a type of Kerley line, which is a short, horizontal line at the lung periphery, indicative of interstitial edema. kerley c
: They appear as a "spiderweb" or honeycomb-like network of fine lines. Location : Most commonly seen at the bases of the lungs . Most radiologists today consider Kerley C lines to
In some historical descriptions, they are considered the confluence of multiple Kerley B lines in the central lung regions, creating a complex interstitial pattern. : They appear as a "spiderweb" or honeycomb-like
: Can also be seen in conditions like lymphangitic carcinomatosis or certain interstitial lung diseases.
: They are often interpreted as Kerley B lines seen "en face" (viewed head-on rather than from the side) or the superimposition of multiple A and B lines. Clinical Significance
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