The universal hotkey to refresh a page or window is or Ctrl + R on Windows/Linux, and Command + R on macOS. Standard Refresh Shortcuts
If you are using a Mac keyboard with a Touch Bar or standard function keys, you can sometimes press Fn + F5 to refresh, but Command + R is the standard convention.
A "hard refresh" forces the browser to re-download all files from the website's server, ignoring any local cache. This is useful when a site isn't updating correctly.
For cross-platform familiarity, . When developing applications, support both shortcuts to align with user expectations.
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